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<title>Graphophone</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphophone</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Graphophone</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A Columbia "Precision" Graphophone, a cylinder model sold in France, 1901</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander Graham Bell<br>Charles Sumner Tainter<br>Chichester Bell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented</th><td class="infobox-data">1886<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1886</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Graphophone</b> was the name and trademark of an improved version of the <a href="Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. It was initially designed at the <a href="Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory</a> established by <a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States. It was co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell, <a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a>, and <a href="Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a> in 1886.

</p><p>Its trademark usage was acquired successively by the Volta Graphophone Company, the American Graphophone Company, the <a href="North_American_Phonograph_Company" title="North American Phonograph Company">North American Phonograph Company</a>, and finally by the Columbia Phonograh Company (known today as <a href="Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>), all of which either produced or sold Graphophones.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Sound_recording_and_phonograph_development" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau: Sound recording and phonograph development</a></div>

<p>It took five years of research under the directorship of Benjamin Hulme, Harvey Christmas, <a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> and <a href="Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a> at the Volta Laboratory to develop and distinguish their machine from <a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison's</a> Phonograph.

</p><p>Among their innovations, the researchers experimented with lateral recording techniques as early as 1881. Contrary to the <a href="Vertical_cut_recording" title="Vertical cut recording">vertically-cut</a> grooves of <a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> Phonographs,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lateral recording method used a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a "zig zag" pattern across the record. While cylinder phonographs never employed the lateral cutting process commercially, this later became the primary method of <a href="Phonograph_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonograph disc">phonograph disc</a> recording.

</p><p>Bell and Tainter also developed wax-coated cardboard cylinders for their record cylinder. Edison's grooved mandrel covered with a removable sheet of tinfoil (the actual recording medium) was prone to damage during installation or removal.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tainter received a separate patent for a tube assembly machine to automatically produce the coiled cardboard tube cores of the wax cylinder records. The shift from tinfoil to wax resulted in increased sound fidelity and record longevity.

</p><p>Besides being far easier to handle, the wax recording medium also allowed for lengthier recordings and created superior playback quality.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the Graphophones initially deployed foot <a href="Treadle" title="Treadle">treadles</a> to rotate the recordings, then wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms, and finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank on Edison's Phonograph.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2></div>

<p>In 1885, when the Volta Laboratory Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> applications and began to seek out investors. The <b>Volta Graphophone Company</b> of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and incorporated on February 3, 1886. It formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first <a href="Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, businessmen from <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> created the <b>American Graphophone Company</b> on March 28, 1887, to produce and sell the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-ERS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone,<sup id="cite_ref-ERS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which itself later evolved into <a href="Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenherr2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenherr2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EWB2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWB2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Elias_Howe#Adult_life_and_legacy" title="Elias Howe">Howe Machine Factory</a> (for sewing machines) in <a href="Bridgeport%2C_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>, became American Graphophone manufacturing plant. Tainter resided there for several months to supervise manufacturing before becoming ill, but later went on to continue his inventive work for many years. The small Bridgeport plant, which initially produced three or four machines a day, later became the <a href="Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newville_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newville-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2></div>

<p>Shortly after American Graphophone creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. He directly invested $200,000 into American Graphophone, and agreed to purchase 5,000 machines yearly, in return for sales rights to the Graphophone (except in Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia).<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Soon after, Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company and its patents for US$500,000, and exclusive sales rights of the Phonograph in the United States from Ezrah T. Gilliand (who had previously been granted the contract by Edison) for $250,000, leaving Edison with the manufacturing rights.

.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then created the <b>North American Phonograph Company</b> in 1888 to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Jesse Lippincott set up a sales network of local companies to lease Phonographs and Graphophones as dictation machines. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit's mechanical problems and also to resistance from <a href="Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographers</a>, resulting in the company's bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A coin-operated version of the Graphophone, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US506348">U.S. patent 506,348</a></span>, was developed by Tainter in 1893 to compete with <i>nickel-in-the-slot</i> entertainment phonograph <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US428750">U.S. patent 428,750</a></span> demonstrated in 1889 by Louis T. Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1889, the trade name <i>Graphophone</i> began to be utilized by Columbia Phonograph Company as the name for their version of the Phonograph. Columbia Phonograph Company, originally established by a group of entrepreneurs licensed by the American Graphophone Company to retail graphophones in Washington DC, ultimately acquired American Graphophone Company in 1893. The company Proceeded to make several smaller, cheaper Graphophones. Including the Columbia B in 1897 which sold over 250,000 units between 1897 and 1907. In 1904, Columbia Phonograph Company established itself in Toronto, Canada. Two years later, in 1906, the American Graphophone company reorganized and changed its name to Columbia Graphophone Company to reflect its association with Columbia. In 1918, Columbia Graphophone Company reorganized to form a retailer, Columbia Graphophone Company—and a manufacturer, Columbia Graphophone Manufacturing Company. In 1923, Louis Sterling bought Columbia Phonograph Co. and reorganized it yet again, giving birth to the future record giant <a href="Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CC_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Early machines compatible with Edison cylinders were modified treadle machines. The upper-works connected to a spring or electric motor (called Type K electric) in a boxy case, which could record and play back the old Bell and Tainter cylinders. Some models, like the Type G, had new upper-works that were not designed to play Bell and Tainter cylinders. The name <i>Graphophone</i> was used by Columbia (for disc machines) into the 1920s or 1930s, and the similar name <i>Grafonola</i> was used to denote internal horn machines.

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<ul><li><a href="Columbia_Graphophone_Company" title="Columbia Graphophone Company">Columbia Graphophone Company</a>, one of the earliest gramophone companies in the United Kingdom</li>

<li><a href="Elias_Howe#Adult_life_and_legacy" title="Elias Howe">Howe Machine Factory</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_phonograph_manufacturers" title="List of phonograph manufacturers">List of phonograph manufacturers</a></li>

<li><a href="Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_A._Cheever" title="Charles A. Cheever">Charles A. Cheever</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newville, Leslie J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30112/30112-h/30112-h.htm">Development Of The Phonograph At Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory</a>, United States National Museum Bulletin, <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> and the <a href="Museum_of_History_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of History and Technology">Museum of History and Technology</a>, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69-79. Retrieved from Gutenberg.org.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tainter, Charles Sumner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/homenotes1.html">Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter Home Notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515112211/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/homenotes1.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History Department of, <a href="University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Library and Archives Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/gramophone/028011-3004-e.html">The Virtual Gramophone: Canadian Historical Sound Recordings: Early Sound Recording and the Invention of the Gramophone</a>, <a href="Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> website, Ottawa. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Newville-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newville_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newville, Leslie J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30112/30112-h/30112-h.htm">Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory</a>, United States National Museum Bulletin, <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">United States National Museum</a> and the <a href="Museum_of_History_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of History and Technology">Museum of History and Technology</a>, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69-79. Retrieved from Gutenberg.org.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ERS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ERS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ERS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, Frank W. & Ferstler, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV6tghvO0oMC&pg=PA1167">Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound: Volta Graphophone Company</a>, CRC Press, 2005, Vol.1, pg.1167, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-93835-X</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-93835-8</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schoenherr2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenherr2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenherr, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/graphophone.html">Recording Technology History: Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810065125/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/graphophone.html">Archived</a> 2004-08-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History Department of, <a href="University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EWB2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EWB2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of World Biography. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404700543.html">Alexander Graham Bell</a>", Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/a21127/how-the-jukebox-got-its-groove/">How the Jukebox Got its Groove</a> Popular Mechanics, June 6, 2016, retrieved July 3, 2017</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patmore, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msx.sagepub.com/content/14/2/115.abstract">The Columbia Graphophone Company, 1923–1931: Commercial Competition, Cultural Plurality and Beyond</a>, Music Department of, <a href="University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>. Retrieved from Musicae Scientiae website February 26, 2016</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of the manufacturer: Columbia Phonograph Co. Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.radiomuseum.org">[1]</a>, Retrieved from Radio Museum website, February 26, 2016.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li>This article incorporates text from the <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">United States National Museum</a>, a government publication in the public domain.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040810065125/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/graphophone.html">Charles Tainter and the Graphophone</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsc-audio.org/journals/v21/v21n2p208-225.pdf">The Development of Sound Recording at the Volta Laboratory</a>, Raymond R. Wile, <a href="Association_for_Recorded_Sound_Collections" title="Association for Recorded Sound Collections">Association for Recorded Sound Collections</a> Journal, 21:2, Fall 1990, retrieved July 2, 2017</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontinfoil.com/bell.htm">Type K Electric Graphophone</a></li>

<li>Identification guides for Columbia Graphophones:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intertique.com/ColumbiaGraphophoneModelsCylinders.html">Cylinder Graphophones</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intertique.com/ColumbiaGraphophoneModelsFrontMounts.html">Front-mount Graphophones</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intertique.com/ColumbiaGraphophoneModelsRearMounts.html">Rear-mount Graphophones</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Alexander_Graham_Bell187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br>family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beinn_Bhreagh" title="Beinn Bhreagh">Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_House_(Colonial_Beach%2C_Virginia)" title="Bell House (Colonial Beach, Virginia)">Bell House (Virginia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubbard_Bell_Grossman_Pillot_Memorial" title="Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial">Hubbard Bell Grossman Pillot Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_International_Congress_on_Education_of_the_Deaf" title="Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf">Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">Telephone Cases</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Melville_Bell" title="Alexander Melville Bell">Alexander Melville Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Chichester_Bell" title="Chichester Bell">Chichester Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Fairchild" title="David Fairchild">David Fairchild</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Fairchild" title="Graham Fairchild">Graham Fairchild</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_S._Grosvenor" title="Edwin S. Grosvenor">Edwin S. Grosvenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor" title="Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor">Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_M._Grosvenor" title="Gilbert M. Grosvenor">Gilbert M. Grosvenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mabel_H._Grosvenor" title="Mabel H. Grosvenor">Mabel H. Grosvenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Melville_Bell_Grosvenor" title="Melville Bell Grosvenor">Melville Bell Grosvenor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mabel_Gardiner_Hubbard" title="Mabel Gardiner Hubbard">Mabel Gardiner Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Kendall_Myers" title="Kendall Myers">Kendall Myers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Walter_Seymour_Allward" title="Walter Seymour Allward">Walter Seymour Allward</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcellus_Bailey" title="Marcellus Bailey">Marcellus Bailey</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Cowherd" title="Thomas Cowherd">Thomas Cowherd</a></li>

<li><a href="Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Pollok" title="Anthony Pollok">Anthony Pollok</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Selfridge" title="Thomas Selfridge">Thomas Selfridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Williams_Jr._House" title="Charles Williams Jr. House">Charles Williams Jr.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AEA_Cygnet" title="AEA Cygnet">AEA Cygnet</a></li>

<li><a href="AEA_Silver_Dart" title="AEA Silver Dart">AEA Silver Dart</a></li>

<li><a href="AEA_White_Wing" title="AEA White Wing">AEA White Wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerial_Experiment_Association" title="Aerial Experiment Association">Aerial Experiment Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell_Association_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_Boatyard" title="Bell Boatyard">Bell Boatyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_Oionus_I" title="Bell Oionus I">Bell Oionus I</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aerodrome_Baddeck_No._1_and_No._2" title="Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2">Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aerodrome_Company" title="Canadian Aerodrome Company">Canadian Aerodrome Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarke_Schools_for_Hearing_and_Speech" title="Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech">Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">Dictation machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Edison_Gower-Bell_Telephone_Company_of_Europe" title="Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe">Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubbard_Monoplane" title="Hubbard Monoplane">Hubbard Monoplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Life_Extension_Institute" title="Life Extension Institute">Life Extension Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Telephone_Company" title="National Telephone Company">National Telephone Company</a></li>

<li><a href="New_England_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" title="New England Telephone and Telegraph Company">New England Telephone and Telegraph Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Telephone_Company" title="Oriental Telephone Company">Oriental Telephone Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory and Bureau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell_National_Historic_Site" title="Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site">Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell_School_(Chicago)" title="Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago)">Alexander Graham Bell School (Illinois)</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell_honors_and_tributes" title="Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes">Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_Homestead_National_Historic_Site" title="Bell Homestead National Historic Site">Bell Homestead National Historic Site</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_Memorial" title="Bell Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Bell_Island" title="Graham Bell Island">Graham Bell Island</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Alexander_Graham_Bell_Medal" title="IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal">IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneers%2C_a_Volunteer_Network" title="Pioneers, a Volunteer Network">Pioneers, a Volunteer Network</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Story_of_Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="The Story of Alexander Graham Bell">The Story of Alexander Graham Bell</a></i> (1939 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sound_and_the_Silence" title="The Sound and the Silence">The Sound and the Silence</a></i> (1992 film)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Graphophone&oldid=1303679658">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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